Circoncisione e rapporti sessuali: meno piacere?

Circa un terzo degli uomini sul nostro pianeta è circonciso, ma poco si sa delle possibili ed eventuali conseguenze a livello della vita sessuale che una circoncisione può determinare.

Una recente indagine, condotta in un paese europeo, la Danimarca, dal Dipartimento di Epidemiologia dello Statens Serum Institut di Copenhagen, sembra darci una prima, reale e forse concreta valutazione di questo potenziale problema andro-urologico.

Circoncisione di Gesù Corale Sec.XV

Ricordiamo che in Danimarca solo il 5% dei maschi è circonciso.

Strutture statali ben organizzate e popolazioni non "enormi" permettono naturalmente una più facile valutazione epidemiologica sulle varie ed eventuali relazioni positive o negative che si possiamo avere dopo aver subito una circoncisione e danno anche la possibilità di valutare i vari aspetti e le eventuali modificazioni che si possono avere sulla regolare vita e risposta sessuale di queste persone e delle loro eventuali compagne.

Questo studio-sondaggio danese ha coinvolto 5552 persone che hanno fornito in diretta informazioni generali e particolari sulla loro vita sessuale di singolo e/o di coppia.

Molto sinteticamente da questa prima valutazione epidemiologica, limitata ad un paese dove la circoncisione non è consigliata in modo massiccio né per tradizione culturale né per motivi religiosi, risulta che una fisiologica e regolare attività sessuale, come ad esempio l’età a cui di solito avviene il primo rapporto sessuale e gli aspetti che caratterizzano una normale vita di relazione, differiscono di poco ed in modo non significativo tra gli uomini circoncisi e i non circoncisi o tra le donne con compagni circoncisi e non circoncisi .

Tuttavia, lo studio indica negli uomini circoncisi una maggiore percentuale di difficoltà a raggiungere l’orgasmo ma pure un'ampia ed articolata gamma di difficoltà sessuali nelle donne con compagni circoncisi; in particolare vengono lamentate nelle signore difficoltà a raggiungere un orgasmo, dispareunia (cioè fastidi o dolori a livello della vagina o della pelvi durante un rapporto sessuale) ed un senso di appagamento sessuale non completo.

Questi dati pur interessanti sono però limitati è naturalmente costituiscono solo un iniziale lavoro, condotto in un’area colturale particolare, che devono essere ora confrontati e ricontrollati anche in zone geografiche del nostro pianeta dove la circoncisione è una pratica più diffusa e comune sia per motivi di tipo culturale od ancor più religioso.

Fonte:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21672947

La circoncisione influisce in negativo sulla sessualità

Male circumcision leads to a bad sex life

Circumcised men have more difficulties reaching orgasm, and their female partners experience more vaginal pains and an inferior sex life, a new study shows.

If a man is circumcised, he faces an increased risk of experiencing delayed orgasm, and his female partner has an increased risk of not feeling sexually fulfilled.

This is the clear-cut conclusion of a new Danish research article, which has received international attention.

Some 5,000 sexually active men and women were surveyed about their experiences and possible problems with their sex lives. With a specific focus on circumcised men and their women, the results are startling.

“Circumcised men are three times as likely to experience a frequent inability to reach an orgasm,” says one of the researchers, Associate Professor Morten Frisch from Danish research enterprise SSI.


Research into the effects on women is unique

This is one of only a few studies of the sexual consequences of male circumcision, and in one area in particular it is groundbreaking:

“Previous studies into male circumcision have looked at the effects it has on the men. But scientists have never really studied the effects this has on the women's sex lives,” says Frisch.

“It appears that women with circumcised men are twice as likely to be sexually frustrated. They experience a three-fold risk of frequent difficulties in achieving orgasm, and an eight-fold risk of feeling pain during intercourse – also known as dyspareunia.”



Circumcised men prefer it rough

There appears to be a very simple reason why circumcised men and their partners are having problems with their sex lives.

The circumcised man develops a thin layer of hard skin on his penis head, which decreases the sensitivity. This means that in order to reach an orgasm, he needs to work harder at it, and that can lead to a painful experience for the woman.

“We conducted a survey, but the data does not explain why these problems occur. There are, however, some good suggestions in the scientific literature,” he explains.

When the penis enters the vagina, the foreskin is pulled back. And on its way out again, the foreskin goes back to cover the penis head. This way the foreskin stimulates both the man and the woman.

The gliding in-and-out movement of the foreskin, combined with the in-and-out movement inside the vagina, constitutes what is known as ‘the gliding movement’.

“When a circumcised man moves in and out of a woman without 'the gliding movement' caused by the foreskin, it can have a painful effect on the woman's mucous membrane. This could explain the pain and the tendency towards dryness that some women with circumcised men experience.”

CITAZIONE

In the U.S. some 50 percent of all boys are circumcised.

Circumcision is – or rather has been – common in many English-speaking countries. This is due to a trend from the Victorian age where doctors recommended that boys should be circumcised as this would make it more difficult to masturbate.

At the time, masturbation was thought to lead to a long list of problems, including mental illness and typhus.

Sources of error were filtered out

A vast majority of the circumcised men in the study were circumcised based on a doctor's estimate.

“Only five percent of all Danish men are circumcised, yet we have statistically valid evidence that male circumcision can be associated with sexual problems.

The study did not involve many religiously circumcised men – Jews and Muslims, for example. But even with these factors taken into account, the data pointed in the same direction. The statistical analyses also took a long list of additional relevant factors into account, including:

Age
Cultural background
Religious background
Marital status
Levels of education
Household income
Age at first intercourse
Number of sex partners
Frequency of sexual activity with one partner in the past year

“We adjusted for all these factors in an attempt to ensure that circumcision is the actual cause, and that the link isn’t attributable to other factors.”

Bottom-line results were clear
Frisch mentions an example of how things get muddled up if researchers do not adjust for possible sources of error when they work with statistics:

“If, for instance, you look at people who drink lots of beer, you'll see that they face an increased risk of developing lung cancer, compared to those who don't drink much,” he says. “But it's not the drinking itself that causes the lung cancer. There just happens to be a correlation between drinking and smoking, and it is actually the smoking that causes the lung cancer.”

These kinds of error sources were taken into account, and the bottom-line results were clear:

“We’re seeing a consistent picture. Even though most circumcised men – and their women – do not have problems with their sex lives, there is a significantly larger group of circumcised men and their female partners who experience frequent problems in achieving orgasm, compared to couples where the man is not circumcised.”

In addition, there are significantly more women with circumcised men, who experience vaginal pains during intercourse or feel that their sexual needs are not met.


Further studies needed

Frisch hopes this new study will be replicated by researchers in other countries and cultures.

“That way we can ascertain whether this phenomenon applies to Danes only or whether it extends into other cultures too,” he says. “All in all, I have a humble approach to our findings, so I would also like to see whether other Danish studies would reach the same conclusions.”


Study resonates internationally

According to Frisch, the study has received a great deal of international attention. For example, he has been contacted by politicians in California, who are very pleased with the results of the study because they want to ban circumcision in their federal state.

Others are less excited, saying the research is controversial.

“This is a highly sensitive issue, and some people oppose the publication of this kind of research. Some people have actually tried to stop the publication of our article,” he explains.

A question of ethics
Certain groups and individuals are lobbying in favour circumcising all men, explains Frisch.

CITAZIONE

Narrowed foreskin is popularly known as ‘Spanish Collar’ and scientifically as ‘phimosis’.

For half a century, large surveys have shown that problems with phimosis sort themselves out in childhood for up to 99% of boys. Nevertheless, this condition is still being used as a major argument for routine circumcision in many countries.

FONTE: http://videnskab.dk/krop-sundhed/omskaerin...-darligt-sexliv

Circumcision and Human Behavior

Authors

• Hill George
• iconbuster Website: http://genitalintegr…

Abstract

Psychologists now recognize that male circumcision affects emotions and behavior. This article discusses the impact of male circumcision on human behavior.

Introduction

Medical doctors adopted male circumcision from religious practice into medical practice in England in the 1860s and in the United States in the 1870s. No thought was given to the possible behavioral effects of painful operations that excise important protective erogenous tissue from the male phallus. For example, Gairdner (1949) and Wright (1967), both critics of male neonatal non-therapeutic circumcision, made no mention of any behavioral effects of neonatal circumcision.^1,2

The awakening

Other doctors, however, were beginning to express concern about the behavioral effects of male circumcision.
Levy (1945) studied the behavioral effects of various operations, including circumcision, on young children.³_He found that children who had undergone operations experienced an increase in anxiety and various fears, including night terrors, fear of physicians, nurses, and strange men. The oldest age group exhibited greater hostility and aggression. Levy compared their behavior to that of soldiers who suffered from what was then called “combat neurosis,” and now recognized as_post-traumatic stress disorder.
Anna Freud (1952) pointed out that operations on the genitals, such as circumcision, would cause “castration anxiety.”⁴_Cansever (1965) tested Turkish boys before and after circumcision.⁵_Cansever reported severe disturbances in functioning, including regression in behavior, and withdrawal of the ego as protection against outside threats. Cansever also observed various anxieties, including castration anxiety. Richards_et al._(1976) noticed certain studies that indicated behavior change and called for further study.⁶_Foley (1966) noticed that circumcised men are more likely to be biased in favor of circumcision.7_Moreover, he said that circumcised men are more likely to engage in “problem-masturbation” but non-circumcised men were equally unlikely to engage in “problem-masturbation.” Grimes (1978) (another critic of non-therapeutic neonatal circumcision), apparently unaware of the research described above, sounded an alarm:
“In contrast to the sometimes dramatic somatic responses of the neonate to operation without anesthesia, the psychological consequences of this trauma are conjectural. Psychoanalyst Erik Erickson has described the first of eight stages of man as the development of basic trust versus basic mistrust. For the baby to be plucked from his bed, strapped in a spread eagle position, and doused with chilling antiseptic is perhaps consistent with other new-found discomforts of extrauterine existence. The application of crushing clamps and excision of penile tissue, however, probably do little to engender a trusting, congenial, relationship with the infant’s new surroundings.”⁸

Behavior during unanesthetized circumcision

Gunnar et al._(1981) studied the relationship of system cortisol levels to behavioral state. Gunnar_et al._report that, as system cortisol rises, infants increase wakefulness and crying.⁹_Malone et al. (1985) report that infants show little change in behavior due to limb restraint (of the type used for circumcision).¹⁰_Porter et al. (1986) report that newborn infants who are undergoing unanesthetized cirumcision emit cries of extreme urgency.¹¹The studies, carried out with the aid of computer spectrographic analysis, show that infants who have been circumcised vocalize their anguish with higher pitch, fewer harmonics and shorter cries. The most invasive procedures produced the most urgent cries, as judged by observers. Porter et al. (1988) report that vagal tone decreases as the pitch of the cry increases.¹²__Gunnar et al. (1988) report that infants decrease distressed behavior when given a non-nutritive pacifier, although system cortisol does not decrease.¹³

Behavior immediately after unanesthetized circumcision

Studies show that circumcision affects the sleep of newborn boys. Emde et al.(1971) studied the sleep of boys who had had a non-therapeutic circumcision with the Plastibel^® device.¹⁴Emde et al.report that non-therapeutic circumcision “was usually followed by prolonged nonrapid eye movement (NREM) sleep.” The authors considered this type of sleep “to be consistent with a theory of conservation-withdrawal in response to stressful stimulation.” Anders & Chalemian (1974) studied the sleep of boys who had had a non-therapeutic circumcision with a circumcision clamp. They report significant increases in wakefulness after circumcision.¹⁵

Marshall et al._(1979) studied newborn infant behavior using the Brazelton Neonatal Behavior Assessment Scale.¹⁶_The study shows that infants change their behavior for at least 22 hours after circumcision. In a second study, Marshall et al. (1982) showed that circumcised infants kept their eyes closed during feeding or did not feed at all. Marshall et al. considered that mother-infant interaction and bonding was disrupted by the stress of circumcision.¹⁷

Numerous observers report that circumcision inteferes with the normal feeding behavior of circumcised boys. La Leche League leaders (1981) suggest that circumcision should be delayed for a time.¹⁸_Marshall et al. (1982) found that circumcision interfered with normal feeding behavior.¹⁷_Howard et al. (1994) report that “babies feed less frequently and are less available for interaction after circumcision.”¹⁹_Howard_et al._report that some newly circumcised babies are unable to suckle at the breast and require formula supplementation. Lee (2000) also comments on the difficulty with feeding that circumcised boys exhibit.²⁰_Breastfeeding provides the best nutrition for infants and is of key importance in giving an infant a good start in life with optimum mother-infant bonding, health, and well-being,²¹_so non-therapeutic infant circumcision should not be allowed to interfere with breastfeeding.

Behavior at vaccination

Hepper (1996) surveys and reports research that indicates memory commences to function in the fetus at about the 23rd week of gestation.²²_ Infant memory continues to function through the birth experience and afterward. Anand & Hickey (1987) firmly established that newborn infants have fully functioning pain pathways.²³_ When an infant is subjected to a painful and traumatic experience all the necessary factors are present to create post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Boyle_et al._(2002) describe the etiology of PTSD:

“A traumatic experience is defined in DSM-IV as the direct consequence of experiencing or witnessing of serious injury or threat to physical integrity that produces intense fear, helplessness or (in the case of children) agitation. The significant [circumcision] pain and distress described earlier is consistent with this definition. Moreover, the disturbance (e.g., physiological arousal, avoidant behaviour) qualifies for a diagnosis of acute stress disorder if it lasts at least two days or even a diagnosis of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) if it lasts more than a month. Circumcision without anaesthesia constitutes a severely traumatic event in a child’s life.”24 PTSD is a normal response to an abnormal and terrifying experience. One would, therefore, expect to find PTSD in circumcised boys.

Taddio_et al._(1995) compared the behavior of circumcised boys with the behavior of girls at the age of 4 to 6 months when vaccination with DPT occurred. Taddio_et al._report that circumcised boys demonstrate a much greater response to the pain of the vaccination than do girls.²⁵_In a second study, Taddio_et al._(1997) compared the behavior of circumcisied boys with the behavior of non-circumcised boys at vaccination.²⁶_Similarly, the circumcised boys demonstrated a greater response to the pain of vaccination than did the non-circumcised boys. Taddio commented:

“It is, therefore, possible that the greater vaccination response in the infants circumcised without anaesthesia may represent an infant analogue of a_post-traumatic stress disorder_triggered by a traumatic and painful event and re-experienced under similar circumstances of pain during vaccination.”²⁶_Taddio_et al._suggested that the pain of circumcision “may have long-lasting effects on future infant behaviour.”²⁶
Circumcision of boys is nearly universal in the Philippine Islands for cultural reasons. Ramos & Boyle (2001) studied the psychological effects of circumcision in Philippine boys. They report a high incidence of PTSD in these boys. Sixty-nine percent of boys who had been circumcised by the traditional “tuli” Philippine ritual circumcision and 51 percent of boys who had been medically circumcised satisfied the DSM-IV criteria for PTSD.²⁷

Behavior in later life

There is increasing evidence that male circumcision influences the behavior of adult males. Menage reports PTSD after genital surgery.²⁸_ More specific to male circumcision, Rhinehart reports finding PTSD in adult males in his clinical practice in which the stressor was neonatal circumcision. ²⁹_Rhinehart lists symptoms of:

• a sense of personal powerlessness
• fears of being overpowered and victimized by others
• lack of trust in others and life
• a sense of vulnerability to violent attack by others
• guardedness in relationships
• reluctance to be in relationships with women
• defensiveness
• diminished sense of maleness
• feeling damaged, especially in the presence of surgical complications such as skin tags, penile curvature due to uneven foreskin removal, partial ablation of edges of the glans and so on
• sense of reduced penile size, a part cut off or amputated
• low self-esteem
• shame about not “measuring up”
• anger and violence toward women
• irrational rage reactions
• addictions and dependencies
• difficulties in establishing intimate relationships
• emotional numbing
• need for more intensity in sexual experience
• sexual callousness
• decreased tenderness in intimacy
• decreased ability to communicate
• feelings of not being understood²⁹

Van der Kolk (1989) reports that persons who have been traumatized have a compulsion to repeat the trauma and to find new victims on which to re-enact the trauma they suffered.³⁰_This may apply with full force to victims of circumcision. The circumcision of an infant is a way to reenact the trauma of circumcision.³¹_The compulsion to circumcise isvery strong and has resulted in unlawful batteries and abductions to circumcise an unwilling victim.^32-36

There is some evidence that adverse experiences in the perinatal period (from the 28th week of gestation through the first seven days of extra-uterine life) cause self-destructive behavior in adult life.^37-40_Circumcised males may tend to be more self-destructive, but more research is needed to verify the effect traumatic non-therapeutic circumcision has on self-destructive behavior.

The condition of the male phallus impacts a male’s feeling of well-being. A phallus diminished by the loss of the erogenous foreskin to circumcision necessarily adversely affects one’s feelings about one’s self, resulting in uncomfortable feelings of low self-esteem. There is, therefore,a strong tendency to deny that any loss occurred. Minimization of the loss is a common defense mechanism; ridicule of the subjectis another. Persons who have lost body parts must grieve their loss.⁴¹_Failure to grieve and accept the loss puts one in permanent denial of loss.⁴²_Many men who have been circumcised do not want non-circumcised males, including their own sons,around to remind them of their irreversible loss. For these emotional reasons, as Foley (1966) observed, there tends to be a strong irrational bias in favor of universal circumcision among circumcised males.⁷_Many fathers who were victims of neonatal circumcision, for the reasons described above,adamantly insist that any male offspring be circumcised.24_This phenomenon has come to be called “the adamant father syndrome.” Circumcision, therefore is a repeating cycle of trauma in which circumcised infant males grow up to be adult circumcisers.³¹

Behavior of circumcised medical doctors

Medical doctors in Australia, Canada, and the United States practiced circumcision in the twentieth century, so these nations have a heavy proportion of circumcised men, some of whom become medical doctors. These circumcised male doctors share the same bias in favor of male circumcision as do other circumcised males.^7,31,43_Male doctors who were circumcised as infants are more likely to recommend circumcision of infants to parents.⁴⁴

The Australian Paediatric Association recommended non-circumcision—genital integrity—in 1971;⁴⁵_thereafter, the incidence of circumcision among Australia’s newborn plummeted.⁴⁶_At the present time, in regard to genital integrity status, Australia is, in effect, two nations, one of which has mostly circumcised men and the other that has mostly intact men. The dividing point is the year 1978, because the incidence of genital integrity among newborn boys rose above 50 percent in that year.⁴⁶_The ever-increasing percentage of genitally intact younger men in the population is causing increasing anxiety and distress among some older circumcised males. There now is a peculiar phenomenon happening in Australia, where one sees middle-aged men desperately trying to restore Australia’s medical practice back to that which prevailed before 1971. This is, of course, an attempt to defend their culture-of-origin and is carried out for the emotional reasons described here, although, as Goldman reports, pseudo-scientific reasons are advanced.³¹

Behavior of circumcised medical authors

The high proportion of circumcised males in the medical community create a distorted, biased medical literature.⁴⁷ _Goldman (1999) writes:

“One reason that flawed studies arepublished is that science is affected by cultural values. A principal method of preserving cultural values is to disguise them as truths that are based on scientific research. This ‘research’ can then be used to support questionable and harmful cultural values such as circumcision. This explains the claimed medical ‘benefits’ of circumcision.”³¹ Hill (2007) writes:

“The medical literature on circumcision is voluminous and contentious. Circumcised doctors create papers that overstate benefits and minimize harms and risks. When these doctors publish such claims, other doctors come forward to refute them….The result is an unending debate driven by the emotional compulsion of circumcised men.”⁴³ Female doctors from a circumcising culture of origin have been known to contribute pro-circumcision pieces.
Boyle & Hill (2012) said:
“MC changes human and sexual behaviour. Most doctors favouring MC are circumcised themselves . Circumcision status ‘plays a huge role in whether doctors are in support of circumcisions or not’. Circumcised doctors often defend circumcision by producing flawed papers that minimise or dismiss the harm and exaggerate alleged benefits .⁴⁸⁷
…
“Invariably, when biased opinions promoting MC are published by doctors trying to justify their own psychosexual wounding, uncircumcised doctors (who mostly see no need for amputating anatomically normal healthy erogenous tissue) are quick to refute such overstated claims. We fully expect that this distortion of the medical literature will continue until non-therapeutic male circumcision is prohibited by law and most circumcised male doctors have passed from the scene.”⁴⁷
Most American medical editors are circumcised men. They share the pro-circumcision bias of other circumcised men. They tend to select papers for publication that conform to their bias.⁴⁸ The literature, therefore, is filled with pro-circumcision papers written by circumcised doctors.⁴⁸ The behavior of these circumcised doctors has served for a century to prolong the practice of a nineteenth century surgical operation that has no medical indication and is injurious to infants and children.

Behavior of medical societies

Medical societies in the English-speaking nations have a high proportion of male members (fellows) who are circumcised.The societies that represent medical specialities that practice circumcision have found themselves unable to adequately address the problem of circumcision and to repudiate this harmful, outmoded practice.

Goldman (2004) writes:

“Although medical committee members highly value rationality, a rational and objective evaluation of an emotional and controversial topic like circumcision can be difficult. It is suggested that the potential psychological and social factors surrounding the practice of circumcision could affect the values and attitudes of circumcision policy committee members, the attitude toward evaluating the circumcision literature, and the publishing of circumcision literature itself. If the members are polarized, the process of negotiating to arrive at a consensus statement could introduce additional psychosocial factors that could affect the final policy.”⁴⁹
Dr. Goldman published the two articles cited here in the United Kingdom and Canada, not the United States. This may be a testimony to the bias and censorship present in the medical literature of the United States.

Conclusion

All of the behavioral changes described in this paper are negative, unfavorable, or maleficial in nature. No positive, favorable, or beneficial behavioral changes have been found.

The English-speaking nations have a high proportion of circumcised males and, therefore, a high proportion of psychically-wounded males. A society containing so many psychically-wounded males cannot be as healthy as it should be. The United States has clung to circumcision even after Australia and Canada have rejected circumcision of infants. Consequently, the United States has the highest proportion of circumcised males to intact males and the greatest injury to society.

The best way to stop the cycle of trauma is to stop circumcising infants.^31,42_ Non-traumatized intact infants usually do not grow up to become circumcisers, so the cycle of trauma would end.
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40. Jacobson B, Bygdeman M. Obstetric care and proneness of offspring to suicide. BMJ 1998; 317:1346-49. [Full Text]
41. Maguire P, Parks CM. Coping with loss: surgery and loss of body parts. BMJ 1998;316(7137):1086-8. [Full Text]
42. Denniston GC. An Epidemic of Circumcision. Third International Symposium on Circumision, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, May 22-25, 1994. [Full Text]
43. Hill G. The case against circumcision. J Mens Health Gend 2007;4(3):318-23. [Full Text PDF]
44. LeBourdais E. Circumcision no longer a “routine” surgical procedure. Can Med Assoc J 1995;152(11):1873-6. [Full Text]
45. Belmaine SP. Circumcision. Med J Aust 1971;1:1148. [Full Text]
46. Young H. Circumcision in Australia. [Full Text]
47. Boyle GJ, Hill G.Circumcision-generated emotions bias medical literature._BJU Int_2012;109:e11. doi:10.1111/j.1464-410X.2012.10917.x [Full Text]
48. Fleiss PM. An analysis of bias regarding circumcision in American medical literature.In: Denniston GC, Hodges FM, Milos MF. (eds)_Male and Female Circumcision: Medical, Legal, and Ethical Consideratons in Pediatric Practice._ New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, 1999: pp. 379-402. [Abstract]
49. Goldman R. Circumcision policy: a psychosocial perpective. Paediatr Child Health 2004;9(9):630-3. [Full Text]

Additional Reading

Miller A. Appendix:_The Untouched Key: Tracing Childhood Trauma in Creativity and Destructiveness. Anchor Books (Doubleday) New York, 1991.
Goldman R. Circumcision: The Hidden Trauma. Boston: Vanguard Publications, 1997.
Fleiss P, Hodges FM._What your Doctor May Not_Tell You About Circumcision. New York: Warner Books, 2002.
Ritter TJ, Denniston GC. Doctors Re-examine Circumcision. Seattle: Third Millennium Publishing Company, 2002.

Circoncisione causa disfunzione erettile?

Does Circumcision Cause Erectile Dysfunction?

Gli Stati Uniti, una nazione con meno del 4,5% della popolazione mondiale, consumano il 47% del Viagra del mondo (Pfizer) . Si scopre che in questa stessa nazione la maggioranza dei suoi neonati maschi sono stati circoncisi per generazioni.

Un nuovo studio sull’International Journal of Men’s Health ha dimostrato che gli uomini circoncisi hanno una probabilità 4,5 volte maggiore di soffrire di disfunzione erettile (DE) rispetto agli uomini integri, rivelando quello che sembra essere un importante vettore d’acquisizione. Altri studi hanno già precedentemente osservato come la circoncisione è responsabile di un funzionamento erettile peggiorato e dell’incapacità di mantenere l'erezione , e riducendo la sensibilità del glande , si ha una riduzione complessiva della sensibilità del pene del 75% . Un recente studio ha scoperto che l'eiaculazione precoce è cinque volte più probabile in un uomo circonciso rispetto a uno intatto.

Un nuovo studio danese del 2011 ha anche scoperto che gli uomini circoncisi hanno tre volte più probabilità di avere ED .

Moreover, Israel- a country that routinely circumcises their baby boys for religious reasons- was the NUMBER ONE country for U.S. imported Viagra in 2010. It imported $172.4 million (28.2% of total sales, up 24.2% from same period in 2009). In fact, Viagra is so common there that the Pfizer pharmaceutical company asked for permission to market Viagra without a doctor's prescription- making it an over-the-counter medication.

The truth is, you simply cannot change form without altering function. While there are immediate dangers and harm caused by circumcision, there are also other problems that may not arise until much later in life. One of these dangers is erectile dysfunction (more commonly known as ED).

One of the major reasons that circumcision can lead to ED is because of keratinization. The glans (or head) of the penis is intended to be an internal organ, protected by the prepuce (foreskin). When the foreskin is removed, the head is completely exposed to the elements, including a constant rubbing against clothing. Over time, the skin thickens to protect the glans (much like a callous forms in areas of excessive friction). The head becomes dry and thick and is no longer supple and moist.

As men grow older, the thickened skin of the glans becomes less and less sensitive, which can cause men to have issues with erections. Sensitivity loss is also contributed to the circumcision itself, which removes the majority of the specialized nerve endings in the penis (over 20,000).

www.norm.org/lost.html


Below are some articles and books which address the issue of circumcision and ED:

Acquisition of Erectile Dysfunction from Circumcision
http://intactnews.org/node/138/1319461990/...on-circumcision

Does circumcision cause erectile dysfunction (ED)?
http://www.torontosun.com/life/healthandfi...8/13277631.html

Is circumcision the reason we need Viagra?
www.canadafreepress.com/medical/urology030302.htm

Erectile Dysfunction Evaluation after Circumcision
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14979200

What is keratinization?
www.noharmm.org/IDcirc.htm#keratinization

Foreskin, Circumcision & Sexuality
www.circumstitions.com/Sexuality.html

A change in how intercourse works
www.drmomma.org/2009/10/change-in-how-intercourse-works.html

Book: Sex As Nature Intended It
http://astore.amazon.com/savingpenises-20/detail/0970044216

Book: The Rise of Viagra
http://astore.amazon.com/peacefparent-20/detail/081475211X

Book: The Joy of Uncircumcising
http://astore.amazon.com/savingpenises-20/detail/093406122X

How Male Circumcision May Be Affecting Your Love Life
www.coloradonocirc.org/pamphlets.php

Sexual side effects
www.boystoo.com/medical/conversion.htm
www.reserach/cirp.org/
www.norm.org/lost.html
www.notjustskin.org/

From the Journal of Urology
www.cirp.org/library/sex_function/fink1/

Fine-touch pressure thresholds in the adult penis
www.nocirc.org/touch-test/bju_6685.pdf

Detenuto cita in tribunale Ospedale per circoncisione che lo ha reso impotente

SD man's lawsuit says circumcision 'robbed' him

SIOUX FALLS, SD (AP) - Da una prigione in South Dakota un detenuto ha citato in giudizio l'ospedale dove è stato circonciso da neonato, dicendo che solo recentemente si è reso conto che tale procedura lo ha “derubato” della sua potenza sessuale.

Cochrun Dean, di 28 anni, ha chiesto oltre 1.000 dollari per danni e lesioni e come forma di compensazione per quanto perduto. Nella causa chiede anche che il suo prepuzio sia ripristinato, "nella speranza di riuscire nuovamente a provare piacere sessuale come ogni altro uomo “normale“", e a confessato, inoltre, di volere tale “foreskin restoration” anche per fini estetici.

...

Cochrun afferma che "un medico a lui sconosciuto" presso il Sioux Valley Hospital ha ingannato sua madre portandola a credere che la procedura era medicalmente necessaria. Cochrun sostiene invece che la procedura era inutile, immorale e senza beneficio medico.

"I was recently made aware of the fact that I had been (circumcised) and that ... I was robbed of sensitivity during sexual intercourse as well as the sense of security and well-being I am entitled to in my person," he argued in the lawsuit, adding that neither he nor his partners would "have that sensitivity during sexual intercourse and have a normal sex life."

Cochrun isn't represented by a lawyer in the lawsuit, which includes a letter from Sanford officials responding to a letter requesting that his foreskin be replaced. Patient relations representative DyAnn Smith replied that Sanford would not pay for the procedure.

"There will be no further correspondence about this matter," she wrote.

...

FONTE: www.necn.com/04/16/12/South-Dakota-...29d1951e4554d82

Prepuzio artificiale per circoncisi

Artificial foreskin lets you keep your sensitivity!

Circumcised? Need a foreskin? Have no fear, Viafin's synthetic turtleneck's got you covered:

Being circumcised affects the natural operation, appearance and sensitivity of the penis. During recent years much medical research has been carried out in several countries into the function and purpose of the foreskin. There is now conclusive medical evidence that a circumcised penis with the glans exposed has less nerve receptors and is less effective than a naturally covered penis.

Over the years the exposed glans becomes less sensitive. There is well-documented evidence which shows that this can, and often does, have a disastrous effect on sexual performance, its consequences, and ultimately, on self esteem.

The SenSlip range of artificial retractable foreskins is available in different sizes, to allow for variation between individuals. With ten sizes we want you to be fitted correctly right from the start.

FONTE: www.google.com/url?q=http://boingbo...RkNsxkn4erGttww

Circumcision Sexual Dysfunction

Foreskin Sexual Function/Circumcision Sexual Dysfunction

The human foreskin is highly innervated,5 21 29 and vascularized29 sensitive erogenous tissue.6 29 It plays an important role in normal human sexual response and is necessary for normal copulatory behavior.40 An understanding of this role is now emerging in the scientific literature. Removal of the foreskin (circumcision) interferes with normal sexual function.

This page brings together, in one place, scattered material relevant to the study of the role of the foreskin in human sexuality, and the dysfunction caused by its amputation.

Summary of the literature
Protection. The foreskin in the adult male either partially or completely covers the glans penis.40 The foreskin protects the glans penis from friction and from dryness.28 The foreskin maintains the sub-preputial space in a state of wetness with prostatic, vesicular and urethral secretions.17 The glans penis is covered with mucosa, not skin, so the wetness is essential for optimum health. There may be a correlation between wetness and sensitivity. Removal of the prepuce by circumcision results in a change in the appearance of the glans penis. The color tends to change from a red-purple to a light pink in caucausians and the texture changes from a glossy finish to a matte finish and becomes dull rather than shiny. Some believe that the epithelium of the glans thickens after removal of the foreskin to provide additional layers of protection and that this keratinization deadens sensation.10 Morgan (1965) said, "Removal of the prepuce exposes the glans to foreign stimuli which dull these special receptors.11 Bigelow (1994) observed that improvement in glanular sensitivity is the most frequently reported outcome of foreskin restoration.26 Pertot (1994) reports that the glans becomes softer after foreskin restoration.27 These older papers do not recognize the sensitivity of the foreskin itself.

Some doctors who are associated with the Albert Einstein College of Medicine at Yeshiva University have carried out measurements of glanular sensitivity in both circumcised and intact males.53 54 Bleustein et al. (2003) claimed to measure overall penile sensitivity, but their methodology made that impossible. Even though the high innervation,6 21 29 40 the sensitivity,12 39 51 and the erogenous nature,6 of the foreskin had been reported previously, the foreskin inexplicably was not tested. The foreskin was held back out of the way53 54 and the contribution of the foreskin to overall penile sensitivity was not determined. Their studies reported little difference in glanular sensitivity between circumcised and intact males.53 54 If that is the case, then the decrease in penile sensitivity after circumcision and the increase noted after foreskin restoration must lie elsewhere.57 The most likely location is in the foreskin.57 Denniston reported loss of sexual pleasure in a survey of males circumcised in adulthood.61 The most recent study finds that the intact penis is about four times more sensitive than the circumcised penis.67

Mechanical function. The foreskin provides mechanical functions to facilitate intromission and penetration. Several authorities observe that the penis enters the vagina without friction as the foreskin unfolds.4 9 10 11 Taves (2002) reported that excision of the foreskin by circumcision increases the force required to penetrate by ten-fold.51 Shen et al. reported 43.1 percent of men cirumcised as adults experience difficult penetration.59 After penetration, the foreskin provides a gliding action that greatly reduces friction,4 9 11 15 41 49and vaginal dryness.27 40 50 55

Elasticity. The foreskin has a layer of smooth muscle tissue called the peripenic muscle,1 which is part of the dartos muscle.1 39 The contraction and expansion of the muscle fibers in this layer give the foreskin great elasticity and are important in erogenous sensation. Lakshmanan & Prakash report a "mosaic of muscle tissues and elastic fibres" contained between the two layers of the foreskin, which keep the foreskin snugly against in the glans penis in a close fit.15 The muscle fibres must stretch to allow the foreskin to retract over the glans and contract again when the foreskin returns to its normal forward position. The expansion and contraction of the muscle fibres during coitus allows the foreskin to stretch. The stretching deformes the Meissner corpuscles and produces sensation.68 The nerve bundles run alongside the dartos muscle.40 The stretching puts tension on the nerve endings contained within the foreskin. The nerve endings deform and generate pleasurable erotic sensations to the central nervous system and inputs to the autonomic nervous system, which plays a role in controlling erection and ejaculation.57 68 Taylor (2003) reports preliminary evidence that stretching of the foreskin produces contractions associated with ejaculation.58 Taylor reports that the ridged band of the foreskin is reflexogenic and produces contractions that result in ejaculation.68

Erogenous tissue. the foreskin is heavily innervated even at birth and before.5 21 The foreskin is a specific erogenous zone6 with nerve endings near the surface of the ridged band arranged in rete ridges.29 The foreskin is noted for its sensory pleasure.12 36 51 Circumcision, therefore, diminishes sexual sensation.6 9 10 11 12 18 28 31 38 57 59 62 63 64

Impotence and sexual dysfunction. The nerves in the foreskin apparently provide an impulse to aid erection. Circumcision has long been associated with an increased incidence of impotence. Glover (1929) reported a case.2 Winkelmann (1959) suggested impotence as a possibility,6 as did Foley (1966).10 Stinson (1973) reported five cases.13 Palmer & Link (1979) reported two cases.14 More recently, additional evidence of sexual dysfunction after circumcision has emerged. Coursey et al. reported that the degradation in sexual function after circumcision is equivalent to the degradation experienced after anterior urethroplasty.47 Fink et al. reported statistically significant degradation in sexual function.49 A survey carried out in South Korea found that circumcised men reported painful erections, and diminished sexual pleasure, and a few reported curvature of the penis upon erection.48 Shen et al. (2004), in a study carried out in China, reported erectile dysfunction in 28.4 percent of the men in the study after circumcision, and 'weakened erectile confidence' in 34.7 percent.59

Premature ejaculation. Lakshmanan & Prakash (1980) report that the foreskin impinges against the corona glandis during coitus.15 The foreskin, therefore, tends to protect the corona glandis from direct stimulation by the vagina of the female partner during coitus. The corona is the most highly innervated part of the glans penis.19 Zwang argues that removal of the foreskin allows direct stimulation of the corona glandis and this may cause premature ejaculation in some males.32 O'Hara & O'Hara (1999) report more premature ejaculation in circumcised male partners.41 The presence of the foreskin, therefore, may make it easier to avoid premature ejaculation, while its absence would make it more difficult to avoid premature ejaculation. Masood et al. report that circumcision is more likely to worsen premature ejaculation than improve it.64 The Australian Study of Health and Relationships found that "26% of circumcised men but 22% of uncircumcised men reported reaching orgasm too quickly for at least one month in the previous year."65 Kim & Pang (2006) reported decreased ejaculation latency time in circumcised men but the decrease was not considered statistically significant.66

Inability to ejaculate or delayed ejaculation. While some circumcised males may suffer from a tendency toward premature ejaculation, others find that they have great difficulty in ejaculating.50 The nerves in the foreskin and ridged band are stimulated by stretching,18 57 amongst other movements. If those nerves are not present, Money (1983) argues that excision of these stretch receptors by circumcision may make ejaculation take longer.18. Some circumcised males may have to resort to prolonged and aggressive thrusting to achieve orgasm.40 49 Shen et al. (2004) reported that 32.6 percent of the men in his study reported prolonged intercourse after circumcision.59 Senkul et al. (2004) reported an appreciable increase in ejaculatory latency time (time to ejaculate).60 Thorvaldsen & Meyhoff (2005) reported that circumcised males have more difficulty with ejaculation and orgasm.63 Kim & Pang (2006) reported that circumcised men have more difficulty with masturbation.66 Solinis & Yiannaki reported that 65 percent of circumcised men in their study reported increased ejaculation time in their study.69

Loss of sexual pleasure. Denniston reported that some circumcised men would not have the operation again because of loss of sexual pleasure.61 Kim & Pang (2006) reported that 48 percent of Korean men in a survey experienced loss of mastubatory pleasure after circumcision as compared with 8 percent that experienced increased pleasure and 8 percent reported improved sexual life, but 20 percent reported worsened sexual life.66 Solinis & Yiannaki reported that 16 percent of the men in their study reported a better sex life after circumcision but 35 percent reported a worsened sex life.69

Sexual behaviour. The alteration to the sexual organ causes many circumcised males to change their sexual behavior. Foley reported that circumcised males are more likely to masturbate.10 Hooykaas et al. (1991) reported that immigrant (mostly circumcised) males have a greater tendency to engage in risky sexual behavior with prostitutes as compared with Dutch (mostly normal intact) males.23 The U. S. National Health and Social Life Survey found that circumcised males have a "more elaborated" set of sexual practices, including more masturbation, and more heterosexual oral sex.30 The British National Survey of Sexual Attitudes and Lifestyles (2000) reported that circumcised males were more likely to report having a homosexual partner and more likely to have partners from abroad as compared with normal intact males.56 Circumcised men are significantly less likely to use condoms.38 50 Many men in the Solinis and Yiannaki study reported decreased sex life after circumcision.69

Value to female partners. The foreskin has long been known to be valuable to the female partner.8 16 The presence of the foreskin is reported to be stimulating to the female.41 45 55 Women are more likely to experience vaginal dryness during sex with a circumcised partner.24 28 62 The unnatural dryness may make coitus painful and result in abrasions.28 41 50 The vaginal dryness may be mistakenly attributed to female arousal disorder.55 62 O'Hara & O'Hara report that the female partner is less likely to experience orgasm when the foreskin is not present and more likely to experience orgasm or even multiple orgasms when the foreskin is present.41 Solinis & Yiannaki found that 46 percent of men in their study reported a worsened sex life for their partner while 33 percent reported that that their partner's sex life had improved.69

One should also see Circumcision and Sexuality. (link to www.circumstitions.com)

Circoncisione & Sessualità

Men Circumcised as Adults

"After the circumcision there was a major change. It was like night and day. I lost most sensation. I would give anything to get the feeling back."

Only men circumcised as adults can experience the difference a foreskin makes. In the Journal of Sex Research, Money and Davison from the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine reported on five such men. Changes included diminished penile sensitivity and less penile gratification. The investigators concluded,

Erotosexually and cosmetically, the operation is, for the most part, contraindicated, and it should be evaluated in terms of possible pathological sequelae.

Other men circumcised as adults regret the change.

I play guitar and my fingers get callused from playing. That’s similar to what happened to my penis after circumcision.

After the circumcision there was a major change. It was like night and day. I lost most sensation. I would give anything to get the feeling back. I would give my house. [This man’s physician persuaded him to be circumcised by warning he could otherwise get penile cancer. When the man complained of the result, the physician replied, “That’s normal” and would not help him.]

Slowly the area lost its sensitivity, and as it did, I realized I had lost something rather vital. Stimuli that had previously aroused ecstasy had relatively little effect. . . . Circumcision destroys a very joyful aspect of the human experience for males and females.

The greatest disadvantage of circumcision is the awful loss of sensitivity when the foreskin is removed. . . . On a scale of 10, the intact penis experiences pleasure that is at least 11 or 12; the circumcised penis is lucky to get to 3.

The sexual differences between a circumcised and uncircumcised penis is . . . like wearing a condom or wearing a glove. . . . Sight without color would be a good analogy. . . . Only being able to see in black and white, for example, rather than seeing in full color would be like experiencing an orgasm with a foreskin and without. There are feelings you’ll just never have without a foreskin.

After thirty years in the natural state I allowed myself to be persuaded by a physician to have the foreskin removed—not because of any problems at the time, but because, in the physician’s view, there might be problems in the future. That was five years ago and I am sorry I had it done. . . . The sensitivity in the glans has been reduced by at least 50 percent. There it is, unprotected, constantly rubbing against the fabric of whatever I am wearing. In a sense, it has become callused. . . . I seem to have a relatively unresponsive stick where I once had a sexual organ.

(FONTE: Circumcision Resource Center)

Circumcision Removes the Most Sensitive Parts of the Penis

A sensitivity study of the adult penis in circumcised and genitally intact men shows that the natural penis is significantly more sensitive. The most sensitive location on the circumcised penis is the circumcision scar on the ventral surface. Five locations on the natural penis that are routinely removed at circumcision are significantly more sensitive than the most sensitive location on the circumcised penis.

In addition, the glans (head) of the circumcised penis is less sensitive to fine touch than the glans of the intact penis. The tip of the foreskin is the most sensitive region of the intact penis, and it is significantly more sensitive than the most sensitive area of the circumcised penis. Circumcision removes the most sensitive parts of the penis.

This study presents the first extensive testing of fine touch pressure thresholds of the adult penis. The monofiliment testing instruments are calibrated and have been used to test female genital sensitivity.

Adult male volunteers for the study had no history of penile disease. Results were controlled for age, type of underwear worn, time since last ejaculation, ethnicity, country of birth, and level of education. There were 68 genitally intact subjects and 91 circumcised subjects.

Other studies on penile sensitivity did not include testing the sensitivity of the foreskin. They were also subject to cultural bias, flawed testing methods, small number of subjects, or involved men who had penile medical problems.

Sorrells, M. et al., "Fine-Touch Pressure Thresholds in the Adult Penis," BJU International 99(2007): 864-869.